The aim of this study is to examine the nonlinear effects of fiscal and monetary policies on inflation during 1990: 3 to 2013: 1 based on Threshold Model. First lag of the liquidity growth is recognized as Threshold variable with Threshold value estimated at 6.37 percent. In low liquidity growth, the results indicate that inflation expectations and the lagged liquidity growth are the most important determinants of inflation. In high liquidity growth, effects of the variables including liquidity, development and con-current expenditure, exchange rate, budget deficit and inflationary expectations are much stronger than low one. GDP and its lag in both regimes are anti-inflationary as expected. Oil revenues have no inflationary effects in both regimes, so it seems that the effect of oil shocks on inflation is captured by other variables such as exchange rate and money growth. Based on results, it seems that liquidity growth can be considered as the most important factor for regime change in the relationship between inflation and fiscal and monetary policies in the economy. So if economy benefits from the low liquidity regime, it can prevent the inflationary effects of variables like government expenditure or exchange rate and use the opportunity to control inflation expectations. It is recommendable, in low liquidity regime to use fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies to stimulate production and real sector with low inflationary effects.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Introduction: Cochlear dead zones are defined as areas where the inner hair cells have been destroyed.Thresholds on the audiograms show the integrity of those parts of the ear that are tested. Care must be taken in interpretating audiograms. Thanks to the advances in understanding of cochlear functions, it is now possible to spot false responses that come from dead zones of the cochlea. Recently, cochlear dead regions have been detected via TEN (Threshold Equalizing Noise) test in which ipsilateral broadband noise and Threshold shifting are used.Materials and Methods: A review of the literature on the subject of dead zones published from 1993 to 2003 was performed using Pubmed, Ebsco, Science Direct, Google Scholar Thieme ProQuest databases and library sources. key word: were "cochlear dead zone", "traveling wave", "ten (Threshold equalizing noise) test", "ipsilateral noise" and "real-ear measurement for hearing aids prescription".Conclusion: Hearing aids fitting process for patients with severe and sloping sensory neural hearing loss must be noted specially by amplifying active zone and avoiding amplification for dead region i.e., offering amplification to the transition frequencies that have better hearing than others, those among the fine regions and the dead zones. Dead zone detection may help in hearing aids fitting and fine tuning.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) Approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of litter size (LS) in Moghani sheep using Threshold Model via Bayesian Approach. The data originated from the Jafar-Abad Station of Ardabil province, Iran, and included 9698 lactation records of 4977 ewes with lamb-ings from 1995 until 2010. The pedigree file consisted of data on animals born from 1987 to 2010. The significance of fixed effects was examined using the Logistic procedure. Six different animal Models were fitted by considering direct genetic effect, including and excluding maternal effect (with and without covariance between maternal and direct genetic effects) as well as permanent environ-mental effect via Bayesian Approach. The genetic parameters were estimated using the THRGIBBS1F90 program. The most appropriate Model for LS was determined based on the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC). Based on the obtained results, the second Model that included the direct genetic and permanent environmental effects of the ewe was chosen as the best Model. Using the second Model, the estimates of direct heritability, permanent environmental effect of the ewe and repeatability were 0.041, 0.027 and 0.068, respectively. The low estimates of genetic parameters obtained in the current study for LS in Moghani sheep indicated that selection based on the ewe’s own performance may result in slow genetic improvement.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between government size and happiness inequality in a number of developing and developed countries during the period of 2002-2015 by Threshold panel Approach. To obtain robust results, we have applied the Model in the Iran’ s economy by time series data during the period of 1974-2016. The results in developing countries showed that in small governments, the government size had a diminutive effect on the inequality of happiness, but by passing the Threshold and increasing the government's involvement in the economy, this variable had no significant effect on the happiness inequality. The same time series results were obtained for Iran’ s economy, which has a small government size. In this group, the government size has a significant negative impact on happiness inequality and after that, it has a significant positive impact on happiness inequality. Developed countries showed completely different results, whereby the size of the government had a significant positive impact on inequality in small governments but in large governments, it did not have a significant effect on the inequality of happiness.

The main aim in this paper is to test the nonlinearity relationship between inflation and the government size in Iran during 1974-2012. To this end, we use a Threshold regression Approach and the Hansen nonlinearity test.  The result indicates nonlinear relationship between inflation and government size.  According to the results, an increase in government size by 0.22 will increase the rate of inflation with decreasing gradient, but afterwards any increase in government size will increase the rate of inflation.  In other words, under a small government regime, government size has negative effect on inflation, but in a large government regime, it has positive effect on inflation.

Asymmetric price transmission through extending marketing margin generates rents for marketing and processing agents and affects the consumers’ welfare. Because of this reason, price transmission analysis in agricultural markets is important both in economical and political aspects. This paper conducted with the aim of analyzing price transmission in Iranian chicken market. In this study, using weekly data for farm and retail prices for chicken during 1381-1388 and Threshold Model, price transmission analysis is done. Results show that price transmission in Iranian chicken market is asymmetric and farm price increases transmit to the ratail level more and faster than price decreases. Also, market adjustment policy has not had any significant effect on price fluctuations. We believe that asymmetric price transmission in Iranian chicken market is generated for the reason of high inflation rates and non-competitive structure and existence of market power in slaughtering industry. Thus, we suggest government to choose protection policies concerning private sector for investing on slaughtering industry in those provinces that have insufficiency slaughtering capacity.

The effect of exchange rate fluctuations on domestic prices plays a crucial role in designing and implementing macroeconomic policies. Thus, it is of great importance to discern the exchange market pressure, including the range of changes in foreign reserves and the exchange rates, as a measure to efficiently manage macroeconomics especially for developing economies. The present study aims to investigate and analyze the behavior of exchange market pressure in Iran in 1990-2012. To this goal, the exchange market pressure index has been computed using the procedures proposed by Edwards (2002) and Kumah (2007). With regard to the fact that the exchange market pressure index in Iran is nonlinear, the results of the analysis through the Threshold Vector Autoregressive Model indicate that lagged variables have no significant effect on exchange market pressure when it is in a low regime, but, when the regime shifts towards a high pressure in exchange markets, the index for market exchange pressure increases. The findings also suggest that money growth and inflation have significant effects on exchange market pressure. Therefore, implementing contractionary policies in a monetary system as well as curbing inflation can regulate the pressure of the market exchange.

There are two Approaches for simulating memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic Approach and the cognitive Approach. The necessary condition to put the second Approach into account is to provide a Model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a Model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed Model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.